Tuesday, December 13, 2011

The Duffer's Guide to Act One

•Let’s pretend you’re watching this play. You see a nice little two-bedroom house, probably only one bathroom, but that’s OK.
•We hear some nice flute-like music and feel like we’re entering Fantasia.
•Yet, instead of dancing hippos, Willy Loman, an old, worn-out salesman, enters. He’s talking to himself, and this just can’t be good.
•Willy’s back from a trip and carrying some bags. It’s late at night, and he definitely should be in bed.
•Inside, Linda, Willy’s wife, is surprised to see him – he is supposed to be gone for several days on a business trip.
•Her husband explains that he kept forgetting he was driving (scary). Since his mind was totally not on the road (and frequently his car wasn’t either), he headed home.
•Linda, ignoring the fact that Willy has been talking with imaginary people and driving off roads, recommends that he ask his boss to transfer him to a local office job.
•Willy insists that he’s vital as a travelling salesman, but eventually agrees. He’s sure that his boss, Howard, loves him enough to give him the local NY gig.
•Willy and Linda chat about their grown sons, Biff and Happy, who happen to be sleeping upstairs.
•Biff has just come home from the West, where he was working as a farmhand.
•Willy is mad at Biff. The father and son duo had yet another fight that morning, primarily because Willy can’t handle the fact that his 34-year-old son isn’t able to hold down a real job, you know, the kind with suits and fluorescent lights.
•He concludes that Biff must be lazy.
•Willy then declares his son is hard-working hot stuff (notice how he changed his mind about the lazy part?). He can’t understand why, in the greatest country ever (a.k.a. America), his son can’t get his life together. Clearly (to Willy), Biff is wasting his life in order to spite his old man.
•Willy reminisces, in a rather sad and I-want-to-live-through-you-vicariously kind of way, about what a hotshot Biff was in high school.
•Willy and Linda get to bickering about cheese and population growth (we weren’t aware of any correlation between the two, either).
•Biff and Happy are now awake (upstairs) listening to their dad’s odd mutterings. They’re worried about his sanity. We are, too.
•The brothers have a heart-to-heart conversation complete with reminiscing about their past. Biff, the sensitive one, tells Happy (the happy one?) that he’s upset about his fight with their dad.
•Happy thinks Willy is anxious about Biff’s aimlessness; he wants the low-down on what Biff is doing with his life.
•Biff tells his brother that he’s unhappy, hates the competitive world of business, and thinks farm work is better. (He likes acting strong and being shirtless, which he just can’t do in an office.)
•AND YET – he can’t keep even a farming job. This guy is having a serious internal battle.
•Happy’s name turns out not to fit him at all. He’s lonely despite having a decent job and endless women at his disposal.
•Biff and Happy fantasize about moving to the West together and being real men with a ranch and cattle and sweating in the sun while working with their hands.
•Biff seems ready to head for a ranch, but Happy won’t let go of his pursuit of wealth.
•Like so many other brothers, these two start chatting about ladies. Both want to settle down with someone, but Happy is a player and can’t stick to one woman. He’s super-competitive and chases his friends’ girls just for fun.
•Since the ranch idea is not working out, Biff says he’ll talk to this guy he used to work for named Bill Oliver. Biff was a salesman in Oliver’s sporting goods business way back when and thinks he made a good impression. He’s hoping Oliver will give him a loan so that he and Happy can start a business together.
•Happy thinks this is the best idea ever. With big dreams in mind, the brothers go back to sleep.
•Cut to downstairs, where Willy is still chatting with imaginary people.
•In his head, Willy relives the high school days of his sons.
•Said high school days go something like this:
•Biff and Happy are washing their dad’s car, hoping to impress him.
•The macho boys and their dad sit around and talk about how much everybody loves them and how popular they are.
•Biff says he’s "borrowed" (clearly stole) a football in order to practice his game (he’s a football star, and also, it would seem, a kleptomaniac). Laughing, Willy tells him he should return it (good parenting move). But neither father nor son takes the stealing seriously.
•The father starts going off about how great America is and how everyone busts out the red carpet in the New England towns where he travels for business.
•He’s bragging and over-doing it here.
•Still in the flashback, Linda enters with some laundry, which Willy makes the boys help her with. Biff gets his gang of fawning friends to help out, too.
•Willy hasn’t had enough of bragging about himself yet, so he starts telling his wife about how "well liked" he is and how he made a killing on his recent trip.
•Willy, who actually made $70 in commission, tells Linda it was $212.
•Sadly, when they add up the math, Linda finds that, even with the self-delusion and imaginary income, they’re still in debt.
•In a sudden (rare) moment of accurate self-reflection, Willy says people just don’t like him very much – but he blames his failure on being ugly and fat.
•Linda assures him that everything will be fine.
•No, wait, this is a flashback. We already know that "fine" never comes to pass.
•Now Willy’s mind flashes to a woman who is not Linda by any stretch of the imagination.
•The woman is putting her clothes on amidst some sexually suggestive jokes.
•Willy has given her some stockings (remember these stockings for a little while longer).
•Back to the other flashback (with his wife and the boys and the laundry). Willy promises to make everything up to Linda.
•Linda acts like a loving angel, obviously unaware that her husband is cheating on her.
•Willy notices Linda mending her stocking. She responds that new ones are too expensive to buy (apparently too expensive to buy for wives, but not for mistresses).
•Willy is thinking along the same lines as we are, and guiltily snaps at Linda, telling her not to mend the stockings in front of him.
•We then get another flashback to the time when Biff is in high school. (If you’re a little confused at all of these flashbacks, just imagine how Willy is feeling.)
•Bernard, the son of Willy’s neighbour Charley, comes running in, shouting that Biff is going to fail math.
•Being the model parent that he is, Willy tells Bernard to give Biff the answers to the test and get lost.
•Linda is worried about her son failing math, but her husband brushes off her concern with assurances that Biff’s charm will carry him through.
•So that was a crazy trip, and now we’re back to real time.
•Willy snaps out of his daydream and finds Happy.
•Willy’s thinking is disjointed. He’s now complaining about how he was an idiot not to go to Alaska with his brother, Ben, when he was a young man. Ben apparently got rich on his adventures.
•Happy is unable to help his hallucinating father.
•Charley, the neighbour, comes into the kitchen. He’s heard noises and wants to make sure everything’s OK (remember, it’s still late at night).
•Charley knows Willy’s financial situation and kindly offers Willy a job. Offended, Willy says he already has a job (big mistake).
•Charley advises Willy to stop putting so much pressure on Biff. Offended again (as usual), Willy tells Charley to screw off.
•Ben enters the stage (not the real Ben, though – this is an imaginary Ben that Charley can’t see).
•Willy talks aloud with imaginary Ben. Charley, still sitting in the kitchen, has no idea what’s going on (and is in all likelihood thinking of retracting the job offer).
•Now Willy converses with the imaginary Ben and the real Charley at the same time.
•He informs Charley that Ben recently died.
•Back in Willy’s mind, Ben is rushing out the door to catch a train. He repeatedly urges Willy to go with him to Alaska.
•Back in real life, Charley, irritated and confused to no end, storms out.
•Back in Willy’s mind, Willy asks Ben how he made so much money in Alaska.
•Linda (an imaginary version of her) enters and greets Ben.
•Now we get a bit more background on Willy. Turns out, his father abandoned him and Ben when they were kids.
•So the deal with Alaska was that Ben tried to follow their dad there. Ben’s no genius (or migratory bird) and due to his sketchy sense of geography, ended up in Africa instead.
•There (in Africa), Ben struck it big in diamonds.
•Now more craziness ensues when imaginary young Biff and Happy enter. Willy tells the boys that Uncle Ben’s success is proof that great dreams can come true.
•Imaginary Ben has to go catch his train, but tells Willy and the boys that his father (the boys’ grandfather) used to play the flute. He also used to drive Willy and Ben around the country by wagon and sell his inventions along the way.
•Predictably, Willy brags to Ben about how well he has raised his sons.
•Showing off his son, Willy pushes Biff to start a fistfight with his Uncle Ben. This is weird.
•Ben wins (unfairly), saying that in order to survive, you must cheat in fights with strangers. What a great piece of wisdom.
•Poor Willy, looking for approval and trying to keep Ben around, starts going off about how even though he’s a city slicker and a salesman, he is still a manly man (think loincloths and hunting). Willy sends his sons to steal lumber (!) so they can show their uncle how manly they are.
•Here comes more confusion. You just met real Charley, but now enters imaginary Charley.
•Imaginary Charley enters the kitchen just as young Happy and Biff run off to steal some wood for a building project.
•Charley warns Willy that he’s got to stop them from stealing or they’ll get in big fat trouble (like jail).
•Everyone erupts into a shouting match and Willy insults Charley’s manliness.
•Everyone leaves the stage except Ben and Willy.
•Willy confesses that he’s scared he’s not raising his boys well and begs Ben to stay and tell him stories about their father. But Ben’s not so nice (if you hadn’t noticed) and he leaves.
•So Willy’s been chatting and fighting with lots of imaginary figures tonight, but we think that’s just about it for delusions, at least for the time being, because here comes real Linda.
•Now we’re back in real time. Linda wants to know what on earth is going on.
•Willy wanders outside, insisting he needs a walk.
•Real Biff and Happy come into the kitchen, freaked out. Their mom says that Willy’s behaviour is worse when Biff is around. She tells Biff to stop drifting and to show his father some respect.
•Things heat up. Linda tells Biff to stay away from his father. Biff retorts that his father treats her terribly, and calls Willy crazy.
•Linda, deeply offended, responds that her husband is simply exhausted. (Yes, she’s clearly deluding herself.)
•Now she admits that Willy’s boss cut his salary and they’re struggling financially. Their dad has been borrowing money from Charley every week to pay the bills.
•Linda accuses her sons of being ungrateful and oblivious.
•Biff responds that Willy’s a fake but won’t explain why.
•To smooth out the situation, Biff tells Linda he’ll get a job and give them half his paycheck.
•As if things were not bad enough, Linda announces that Willy’s been trying to kill himself in car "accidents. " Also, she’s found a short length of rubber pipe attached to the fuse box (it seems he was trying to gas himself).
•Linda tells Biff that Willy’s life is in his hands, so he must be careful.
•Biff says he’ll straighten out, but he just wasn’t made to work in the business world.
•Willy walks in. Almost immediately, he and Biff begin to argue.
•Happy, the peacemaker, interrupts and says that Biff is going to see Bill Oliver the following morning to get a business loan.
•Willy is all happy and perky for about two seconds before father and son are at it again.
•Happy strikes again, trying to make the situation . . . happy. He tells his dad that he and Biff are thinking of starting a sporting goods line in Florida.
•Excitedly, Willy starts telling Biff how to behave around Oliver, who is in the sporting goods business. He acts as if they’ve already sealed a million-dollar deal.
•Somehow angered again, Willy storms upstairs. Linda and the boys follow him. The boys say goodnight and are lectured about their greatness.
•Biff wanders downstairs alone while Linda desperately tries to sing Willy to sleep.

Lesson Content : Tuesday 13th December : Act One (41-54)

Summary

Willy’s shouts wake Linda and Biff, who find Willy outside in his slippers. Biff asks Linda how long he has been talking to himself, and Happy joins them outside. Linda explains that Willy’s mental unbalance results from his having lost his salary (he now works only on commission). Linda knows that Willy borrows fifty dollars a week from Charley and pretends it is his salary. Linda claims that Biff and Happy are ungrateful. She calls Happy a “philandering bum.”
Angry and guilt-ridden, Biff offers to stay at home and get a job to help with expenses. Linda says that he cannot fight with Willy all the time. She explains that all of his automobile accidents are actually failed suicide attempts. She adds that she found a rubber hose behind the fuse box and a new nipple on the water heater’s gas pipe—a sign that Willy attempted to asphyxiate himself. Willy overhears Biff, Happy, and Linda arguing about him. When Biff jokes with his father to snap him out of his trance, Willy misunderstands and thinks that Biff is calling him crazy. They argue, and Willy maintains that he is a “big shot” in the sales world.
Happy mentions that Biff plans to ask Bill Oliver for a business loan. Willy brightens immediately. Happy outlines a publicity campaign to sell sporting goods; the business proposal, which revolves around the brothers using their natural physical abilities to lead publicity displays of sporting events, is thenceforth referred to as the “Florida idea.” Everyone loves the idea of Happy and Biff going into business together.
Willy begins offering dubious and somewhat unhelpful advice for Biff’s loan interview. One moment, he tells Biff not to crack any jokes; the next, he tells him to lighten things up with a couple of funny stories. Linda tries to offer support, but Willy tells her several times to be quiet. He orders Biff not to pick up anything that falls off Oliver’s desk because doing so is an office boy’s job. Before they fall asleep, Linda again begs Willy to ask his boss for a non-travelling job. Biff removes the rubber hose from behind the fuse box before he retires to bed.
Analysis

One reason for Willy’s reluctance to criticize Biff for his youthful thefts and his careless attitude toward his classes seems to be that he fears doing damage to Biff’s ego. Thus, he offers endless praise, hoping that Biff will fulfil the promise of that praise in his adulthood. It is also likely that Willy refuses to criticize the young Biff because he fears that, if he does so, Biff will not like him. This disapproval represents the ultimate personal and professional (the two spheres are conflated in Willy’s mind) insult and failure. Because Willy’s consciousness is split between despair and hope, it is probable that both considerations are behind Willy’s decision not to criticize Biff’s youthful indiscretions. In any case, his relationship with Biff is fraught, on Willy’s side, with the childhood emotional trauma of abandonment and, on Biff’s side, with the struggle between fulfilling societal expectations and personal expectations.
The myth of the American Dream has its strongest pull on the individuals who do not enjoy the happiness and prosperity that it promises. Willy pursues the fruits of that dream as a panacea for the disappointments and the hurts of his own youth. He is a true believer in the myth that any “well liked” young man possessing a certain degree of physical faculty and “personal attractiveness” can achieve the Dream if he journeys forth in the world with a can-do attitude of confidence. The men who should have offered him the affirmation that he needed to build a healthy concept of self-worth—his father and Ben—left him. Therefore, Willy tries to measure his self-worth by the standards of an American myth that hardly corresponds to reality, while ignoring the more important foundations of family love, unconditional support, and the freedom of choice inherent to the American Dream. Unfortunately, Willy has a corrupted interpretation of the American Dream that clashes with that set forth by the country’s founding fathers; he is preoccupied with the material facets of American success and national identity.
In his obsession with being “well liked,” Willy ignores the love that his family can offer him. Linda is far more realistic and grounded than Willy, and she is satisfied with what he can give her. She sees through his facade and still loves and accepts the man behind the facade. She likewise loves her adult sons, and she recognizes their bluster as transparent as well. She knows in her heart that Biff is irresponsible and that Happy is a “philandering bum,” but she loves them without always having to like or condone their behaviour. The emotional core of the family, Linda demands their full cooperation in dealing with Willy’s mental decline.
If Willy were content finally to relinquish the gnarled and grotesquely caricatured American tragic myth that he has fed with his fear, insecurity, and profound anxiety and that has possessed his soul, he could be more content. Instead, he continues to chase the fame and fortune that outruns him. He has built his concept of himself not on human relationships that fulfil human needs but on the unrealistic myth of the American hero. That myth has preyed on his all-too-common male weaknesses, until the fantasy that he has constructed about his life becomes intolerable to Biff. Willy’s diseased mind is almost ready to explode by the end of Act I. The false hope offered by the “Florida idea” is a placebo, and the empty confidence it instils in Willy makes his final fall all the more crushing.

Lesson Content : Tuesday 6th December : Act One (29-41)

Summary

The Woman is Willy’s mistress and a secretary for one of his buyers. In Willy’s daydream, they sit in a hotel room. She tells him that she picked him because he is so funny and sweet. Willy loves the praise. She thanks Willy for giving her stockings and promises to put him right through to the buyers when she sees him next. The Woman fades into the darkness as Willy returns to his conversation with Linda in the present.
He notices Linda mending stockings and angrily demands that she throw them out—he is too proud to let his wife wear an old pair (Biff later discovers that Willy has been buying new stockings for The Woman instead of for Linda).
Bernard returns to the Loman house to beg Biff to study math. Willy orders him to give Biff the answers. Bernard replies that he cannot do so during a state exam.
Bernard insists that Biff return the football. Linda comments that some mothers fear that Biff is “too rough” with their daughters. Willy, enraged by the unglamorous truth of his son’s behaviour, plunges into a state of distraction and shouts at them to shut up. Bernard leaves the house, and Linda leaves the room, holding back tears.
The memory fades. Willy laments to himself and Happy that he did not go to Alaska with his brother, Ben, who acquired a fortune at the age of twenty-one upon discovering an African diamond mine.
Charley, having heard the shouts, visits to check on Willy. They play cards. Charley, concerned about Willy, offers him a job, but Willy is insulted by the offer. He asks Charley if he saw the ceiling he put in his living room, but he becomes surly when Charley expresses interest, insisting that Charley’s lack of skill with tools proves his lack of masculinity.
Ben appears on the stage in a semi-daydream. He cuts a dignified, utterly confident figure. Willy tells Charley that Ben’s wife wrote from Africa to tell them Ben had died. He alternates between conversing with Charley and his dead brother. Willy gets angry when Charley wins a hand, so Charley takes his cards and leaves. He is disturbed that Willy is so disoriented that he talks to a dead brother as if he were present.
Willy immerses himself in the memory of a visit from his brother. Ben and Willy’s father abandoned the family when Willy was three or four years old and Ben was seventeen. Ben left home to look for their father in Alaska but never found him. At Willy’s request, Ben tells young Biff and Happy about their grandfather. Among an assortment of other jobs, Willy and Ben’s father made flutes and sold them as a travelling salesman before following a gold rush to Alaska. Ben proceeds to wrestle the young Biff to the ground in a demonstration of unbridled machismo, wielding his umbrella threateningly over Biff’s eye. Willy begs Ben to stay longer, but Ben hurries to catch his train.
Analysis

Just as the product that Willy sells is never specified, The Woman, with whom Willy commits adultery, remains nameless. Miller offers no description of her looks or character because such details are irrelevant; The Woman merely represents Willy’s discontent in life. Indeed, she is more a symbol than an actual human being: she regards herself as a means for Willy to get to the buyers more efficiently, and Willy uses her as a tool to feel well liked. Biff sees her as a sign that Willy and his ambitions are not as great as Willy claims.
Willy’s compulsive need to be “well liked” contributes to his descent into self-delusion. Whereas Linda loves Willy despite his considerable imperfections, Willy’s mistress, on the other hand, merely likes him. She buys his sales pitch, which boosts his ego, but does not care for him deeply the way Linda does. Linda regards Willy’s job merely as a source of income; she draws a clear line between Willy as a salesman and Willy as her husband. Willy is unable to do so and thus fails to accept the love that Linda and his sons offer him.
Willy was first abandoned by his father and later by his older brother, Ben. Willy’s father was a salesman as well, but he actually produced what he sold and was successful, according to Ben, at least. Ben presents their father as both an independent thinker and a masculine man skilled with his hands. In a sense, Willy’s father, not Willy himself, represents the male ideal to Biff, a pioneer spirit and rugged individualist. Unlike his father, Willy does not attain personal satisfaction from the things that he sells because they are not the products of his personal efforts—what he sells is himself, and he is severely damaged and psychically ruptured. His professional persona is the only thing that he has produced himself. In a roundabout manner, Willy seeks approval from his professional contacts by trying to be “well liked”—a coping strategy to deal with his abandonment by the two most important male figures in his life.
Willy’s efforts to create the perfect family of the American Dream seem to constitute an attempt to rebuild the pieces of the broken family of his childhood. One can interpret his decision to become a salesman as the manifestation of his desperate desire to be the good father and provider that his own salesman father failed to be. Willy despairs about leaving his sons nothing in the form of a material inheritance, acutely aware that his own father abandoned him and left him with nothing.
Willy’s obsession with being well liked seems to be rooted in his reaction to his father’s and brother’s abandoning of him—he takes their rejection of him as a sign of their not liking him enough. Willy’s memory of Ben’s visit to his home is saturated with fears of abandonment and a need for approval. When Ben declares that he must leave soon in order to catch his train, Willy desperately tries to find some way to make him stay a little longer. He proudly shows his sons to Ben, practically begging for a word of approval. Additionally, he pleads with Ben to tell Biff and Happy about their grandfather, as he realizes that he has no significant family history to give to his sons as an inheritance; the ability to pass such a chronicle on to one’s offspring is an important part of the American Dream that Willy so highly esteems.

Friday, December 2, 2011

Lesson Content : Thursday 1st December : Pages 21 to 29

We watched the section of the film version of the play covering Willy's first reminiscences of his past. We discussed the questions that were set for yout o consider when I was out of school on Tuesday.

One thing I haven't mentioned yet, but draw your attention to now, is the fact that the main events of the play take place in a 24 hour period of time. It is Monday night when the Act One starts with Willy's return home. The main action of the play concludes at the end of the following day.

Homework

Copy out and answer the questions set about pages 21-29.